Tag Archives: fiber optic cable

Types of Communications Media – Fiber Optic Cable

As late as 1993, it seemed that in order to move toward the future of desktop computing, businesses would have to install fiber optic cabling directly to the desktop. It’s surprising that copper cable (UTP) performance continues to be better than expected.

NOTE:

Fiber versus Fibre: Are these the same? Yes, just as color (U.S. spelling) and colour(British spelling) are the same. Your U.S. English spell checker will probably question your use of fibre, however.

Although for most of us Fiber To The Desktop (FTTD) is not yet cost-effective for traditional LAN networks, fiber optic cable is touted as the ultimate answer to all our voice, video, and data transmission needs since it has virtually unlimited bandwidth and continues to make inroads in the LAN market. Some distinct advantages of fiber optic cable include:

  1. Transmission distances are much greater than with copper cable.
  2. Bandwidth is dramatically higher than with copper.
  3. Fiber optic is not susceptible to outside EMI or crosstalk interference, nor does it generate EMI or crosstalk.
  4. Fiber optic cable is much more secure than copper cable because it is extremely difficult to monitor, eavesdrop on, or tap a fiber cable.

NOTE: Fiber optic cable can easily handle data at speeds above 10Gbps; in fact, it has been demonstrated to handle data rates exceeding 500Gbps!

Since the late 1980s, LAN solutions have used fiber optic cable in some capacity. Recently, a number of ingenious solutions that allow voice, data, and video to use the same fiber optic cable have emerged.

Fiber optic cable uses a strand of glass or plastic to transmit data signals using light; the data is carried in light pulses. Unlike the transmission techniques used by its copper cousins, optical fibers are not electrical in nature.

Plastic-core cable is easier to install than traditional glass core, but plastic cannot carry data as far as glass. In addition, graded-index Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) has yet to make a widespread appearance on the market, and the cost-to-bandwidth value proposition for POF is poor and may doom it to obscurity.

Light is transmitted through a fiber optic cable by Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or lasers. With newer LAN equipment designed to operate over longer distances, such as with 1000Base-LX, lasers are commonly being used.

A fiber optic cable consists of a jacket (sheath), protective material, and the optical-fiber portion of the cable. The optical fiber consists of a core (8.3, 50, or 62.5 microns in diameter, depending on the type) that is smaller than a human hair, which is surrounded by a cladding. The cladding (typically 125 micrometers in diameter) is surrounded by a coating, buffering material, and, finally, a jacket. The cladding provides a lower refractive index to cause reflection within the core so that light waves can be transmitted through the fiber.

Dual fiber optic cable

Two varieties of fiber optic cable are commonly used in LANs and WANs today: single-mode and multimode. The mode can be thought of as bundles of light rays entering the fiber; these light rays enter at certain angles.

KEYTERM: dark fiber

No, dark fiber is not a special, new type of fiber cable. When telecommunications companies and private businesses run fiber optic cable, they never run the exact number of strands of fiber they need. That would be foolish. Instead, they run two or three times the amount of fiber they require. The spare strands of fiber are often called dark fiber because they are not then in use, that is, they don’t have light passing through them. Telecommunications companies often lease out these extra strands to other companies.

Single-Mode Fiber Optic Cable

Single-mode fiber optic cable is most commonly used by telephone companies in trans-continental links and in data installations as backbone cable interconnecting buildings. Single-mode fiber optic cable is not used as horizontal cable to connect computers to hubs and is not often used as a cable to interconnect telecommunications rooms to the main equipment room. The light in a single-mode cable travels straight down the Single-Mode Fiber (MMF) and does not bounce off the surrounding cladding as it travels. Typical single-mode wavelengths are 1310 and 1550 nanometers.

Single-mode fiber optic cable

Before you install single-mode fiber optic cable, make sure the equipment you are using supports it. The equipment that uses single-mode fiber typically uses expensive lasers to transmit light through the cable because a laser is the only light source capable of inserting light into the very small (8- to 10-micron) core of a single-mode fiber.

Multimode Fiber Optic Cable

Multimode fiber optic cable is usually the fiber optic cable used with networking applications such as 10Base-FL, 100Base-F, FDDI, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet that require fiber optics for both horizontal and backbone cable. Multimode cable allows more than one mode (a portion of the light pulse) of light to propagate through the cable. Typical wavelengths of light used in multimode cable are 850 and 1300 nanometers.

There are two types of multimode fiber optic cable: step index or graded index. Step-index multimode fiber optic cable indicates that the refractive index between the core and the cladding is very distinctive. The graded-index fiber optic cable is the most common type of MultiMode Fiber (MMF). The core of a graded-index fiber contains many layers of glass; each has a lower index of refraction going outward from the core of the fiber. Both types of multimode fiber permit multiple modes of light to travel through the fiber simultaneously. Graded-index fiber is preferred because less light is lost as the signal travels around bends in the cable; therefore, the cable offers much greater bandwidth.

Multimode fiber optic cable

The typical multimode fiber optic cable used for horizontal cabling consists of two strands of fiber (duplex); the core is either 50 or 62.5 microns (micrometers) in diameter, and the cladding is 125 microns in diameter (the measurement is often simply referred to as 50/125 micron or 62.5/125 micron).

Fiber Optic Cables Parsing in Anatomy

There’s a lot of emphasis within the government sector with the AV industry on using optical fiber because of its ability to prevent, or otherwise deter, security intrusions. Optical fiber also eliminates some other problems inherent in twisted-pair cable, including near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and electromagnetic interference (EMI).

While fiber optic cable itself is cheaper than an equivalent duration of copper cable, fiber optic cable connectors and the equipment needed to install them have typically been more expensive than their copper counterparts. By having an increased emphasis on protecting digital information, however, optical fiber is becoming more cost-competitive over the last few years. Armored Fibre Cable in Fiberstore is also popular.

The ability of fiber optic cable to meet the evolving needs of government AV/IT end users is a good reason behind integrators to know a little more about it. Outdoor Fiber Optic cable is common used in our daily life. Here is a look at the anatomy of a fiber optic cable.

Basic Construction of a Fiber Optic Cable

A fiber optic cable consists of five main components: core, cladding, coating, strengthening fibers, and cable jacket.

Basic Construction of a Fiber Optic Cable

Core: This is the physical medium that transports optical signals from an attached light source to a receiving device. The main is a single continuous strand of high-purity glass or plastic whose diameter is measured in microns (lower than the diameter of a human hair). The larger the core, the more light the cable can carry, which correlates to a higher data transfer rate.

Cladding: It is a thin layer that’s extruded over the core and can serve as the boundary that contains the light waves (more about this later), enabling data to travel through the length of the fiber.

Coating: It is a plastic coating within the cladding to reinforce the fiber core, help absorb shocks, and provide extra protection against excessive cable bends. This doesn’t have any effect on the optical waveguide properties, though.

Strengthening fibers: These elements help protect the core against crushing forces and excessive tension during installation. The types of materials can range from Kevlar, to wire strands, to gel-filled sleeves. Sometimes light-absorbing glass is added between your fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another. This reduces cross-talk between your fibers.

Cable jacket: This is the outer layer, or sheathing, from the cable. Its purpose is to protect the cable from environmental hazards, including construction work, fishing gear, as well as sharks, which are often attracted to the electrical fields created by signal conductors to repeaters.

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